{"id":8701,"date":"2020-05-28T17:19:24","date_gmt":"2020-05-28T17:19:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/adhc.lib.ua.edu\/pandemicbook\/?page_id=8701"},"modified":"2022-03-18T13:37:04","modified_gmt":"2022-03-18T13:37:04","slug":"05-28","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/adhc.lib.ua.edu\/pandemicbook\/05-28\/","title":{"rendered":"05-28"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

Thursday, May 28<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUS Cases 1.73 million
US Deaths 105,162<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

May 28: Minneapolis Police Department abandons Third Precinct, which is burned down by rioters. The CDC says<\/span><\/a> surpassing 100,000 deaths is a \u201csobering development and a heart-breaking reminder of the horrible toll of this unprecedented pandemic.\u201d It asks that Americans continue following local and state guidance on prevention strategies, such as social distancing, good hand hygiene, and wearing a face mask while in public. The House Judiciary Committee, which is controlled by Democrats, asks<\/a> <\/span>the Justice Department to investigate police conduct in the wake of several recent killings of African Americans.  Seven people suffer<\/a> <\/span>gunshot wounds at a protest in Louisville, Kentucky, over the fatal March shooting of a black woman, Breonna Taylor, in her home by three white police officers. President Trump signs an executive order seeking to chip away at regulations protecting social media companies from lawsuits<\/a><\/span> over content posted on their platforms.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tFrom the Cutting Room Floor...\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

At least I didn\u2019t have to sit in the waiting room of the doctor\u2019s office this time. The new protocol demanded that I call from the parking lot. A nurse met me at the door, and we walked quickly back to the examining room.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI am terrified,\u201d my doctor says when I ask her how she is doing, \u201cI haven\u2019t seen my kids in weeks.\u201d I try to be sympathetic; I’m fortunate enough to work behind a screen. But she seems ready to talk, so I begin peppering her with questions: Do you think a greater or fewer number of women are seeking abortions now? Are women delivering babies alone? What is the line that separates an elective surgery from a necessary one? Are you writing prescriptions for weird medicines? Has anyone asked you to write a prescription for hydroxychloroquine<\/i>? Two, both in March, she responds. Both times she told them no. <\/span>I ask because I’ve heard now that the endorsement from Trump had a bigger than expected–and largely negative–impact.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

A study that came out today from the Journal of the American Medical Association<\/em> demonstrates that my physician’s experience is part of a trend. Doctors prescribed a lot of hydroxychloroquine back in March\u2014more than triple<\/em> the normal rate.[1]<\/a> Doctors also wrote a lot of prescriptions for azithromycin, an antibiotic, as well as Losartan and lisinopril, medicines to treat hypertension. That strikes me as odd. What precipitated this spike in chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine\u2014drugs used to treat parasites?[2]<\/a> Azithromycin would have no effect on a coronavirus, even if it might treat other respiratory bacteria. Losartan and lisinopril treat hypertension and have as one of their side-effects a dry, persistent cough\u2014just like COVID-19.[3]<\/a> None of these drugs would seem to be very effective in treating a virus that attacks the respiratory system.<\/span><\/p>\n

Perhaps unsurprisingly, it was the \u2018Fox News-to-Trump\u2019 cycle that week in March that seems to have amplified the message that an anti-malarial could also somehow treat a novel coronavirus. People who listen to Trump and his echoers started asking for the medicine and clearly many doctors obliged them.<\/span><\/p>\n

[read_more id=”1″ more=”Read more” less=”Read less”]
<\/span><\/p>\n

The hydroxychloroquine story started with James M. Todaro, an ophthalmologist and Bitcoin aficionado who has worked at Beaumont Hospital, Dearborn, Michigan for about two years.<\/span>[4]<\/a> On March 11, Todaro tweeted a link to a document published by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists showing that there was a shortage of chloroquine phosphate tablets on the market.<\/span>[5]<\/a> Within a few hours, a self-professed philosopher, Adrian Bye, and Gregory Rigano, a crypto-investor and lawyer who has no medical background, had gotten into a conversation about hydroxychloroquine.<\/span><\/p>\n

Later that day, Bye posted a link to a 15-year-old article from Virology Journal<\/em>, that showed the tentative success of chloroquine in combating SARS-CoV (not <\/i>SARS-CoV-2) in a small laboratory test. Rigano then posted a MedCram video by pulmonologist Roger Seheult explaining a paper in Korea Biomedical Review<\/em>. In the video, Seheult reviews a February recommendation that older patients or those with underlying conditions might be treated with Kaletra, an anti-retroviral drug used to treat HIV\/AIDS. (Scientists have since completed a trial with the drug and found it didn\u2019t do much.[6]<\/a>) The video also mentions chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine but warns that if combined with Kaletra (lopinavir\/ritonavir), it could cause fatal heart arrythmias.[7]<\/a> Then, the next day, Rigano told Bye that he was going to publish \u201ca report tomorrow w\/ eminent scientist, peer-reviewed.\u201d Bye cautioned him against it, even asking Todaro to step in and intervene with Rigano. Nevertheless, the next day, Rigano, who has no<\/em> medical training, had worked up a Google document.[8]<\/a> Nothing about it was peer-reviewed. Todaro listed himself as the first author, since he had an MD after his name, though it appears Rigano did most of the writing. On March 13, Todaro tweeted an announcement about their “paper.”[9]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\"A<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

As far as I can tell, little about this tweet was rooted in established fact. On LinkedIn, Rigano lists a law degree from Hofstra and is \u201con leave\u201d from working on a Masters Degree in Bioinformatics at Johns Hopkins (he has been on leave since 2016, for a 2-year Masters Degree). Thomas Broker is not listed on the article as an author at all. He is only mentioned in the acknowledgments. He is not a professor at Stanford; in fact, he works at The University of Alabama at Birmingham. Evidently Rigano and Todaro called him on the phone, and then Todaro used Broker\u2019s name in this tweet without his permission.[10]<\/a> The whole thing appears to be a lie. Of course, Todaro took the time to post the piece to Investorshub.[11]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Three days later, on March 16, Elon Musk of Tesla Motors tweeted \u201cMaybe worth considering chloroquine for C19.\u201d[12]<\/a> Then, a few minutes later, he wrote, \u201cHydroxychloroquine probably better,\u201d followed by an impressive-looking graph taken from the \u201cMedcram\u201d YouTube video.[13]<\/a> From that point on, people started noticing the story. Those two tweets from Musk were retweeted 73,700 times during this episode.<\/span><\/p>\n

Minutes before 9pm (ET) on March 18th<\/sup>, Tucker Carlson\u2019s Fox News talk show cut to a \u201cDr. Gregory Rigano, Stanford Univ. Med. School Advisor.\u201d Rigano, reading from a piece of paper and struggling with the language (because, again, he has nothing to do with Stanford Medical School and does not have any medical expertise), called on the president to \u201cauthorize the use of hydroxychloroquine against coronavirus immediately.\u201d[14]<\/a> The only connection with Stanford is UAB\u2019s Thomas Broker, who graduated from Stanford Medical School back in 1973, and is now retired. Broker\u2019s involvement was simply that he took a phone call from Rigano. That\u2019s it. Broker never sanctioned this story and seemed mortified to have been included.[15]<\/a> Fox News allowed Rigano to portray himself fraudulently as a medical expert. And, because this is 2020, this scam went, as we used to say so flippantly, viral<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

What is even more upsetting is that the President of the United States, who has the best intelligence available to him, ate it up and acted on it apparently unimpeded. The next day, words from that Google doc\u2014hastily written by two Bitcoin investors who had spent about three nights working on it\u2014spewed forth from the mouth of the President of the United States.[16]<\/a> Predictably, the morning show \u201cFox & Friends,\u201d took it from there. On March 20th<\/sup>, they claimed a \u201cFrench study\u201d demonstrated that after taking some miraculous pharmaceuticals for \u201csix days\u201d that the patients had \u201cnone of the virus remaining.\u201d This was the paper Rigano and Todaro dug up in their research.[17]<\/a> Not long after, the president began one of his tweet storms on the subject of the drugs.<\/span><\/p>\n

Now back to the chart of prescriptions in March. Why the bump in all these prescriptions? The FDA issuing an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) on March 28 could not have been the cause, since that came after <\/em>the bump in prescriptions. My hypothesis is that media influenced a White House that reinforced the largely fabricated story. Trump\u2019s followers then started asking their doctors en masse<\/em> for hydroxychloroquine prescriptions. An older, whiter population that normally skips the trips to the physician went in to get a hydroxychloroquine prescription after watching Fox News. Once examined, their physicians decided to go ahead and give them the anti-malarial that they demanded. In the meantime, they directed their older patient to get their other health conditions under control. So, the patients walked out with prescriptions for losartan or lisinopril\u2014hypertension medications\u2014along with their Fox News-prescribed, and much demanded, hydroxychloroquine.<\/span><\/p>\n

Recently, the president quipped in front of cameras that he was taking hydroxychloroquine, too. The truth-status of this claim is unknown. What we do know is that last week The Lancet<\/em> published a study of almost 15,000 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 from December 20, 2019 to April 14, 2020 who were assigned chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine and a macrolidic antibiotic, like erythromycin. The authors then compared those four groups of thousands of individuals each with over 81,000 patients in a control group. Their results were disappointing for those hoping hydroxychloroquine was the magic bean that was going to help us climb out of this crisis: \u201cWe were unable to confirm a benefit of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine, when used alone or with a macrolide, on in-hospital outcomes for COVID-19. Each of these drug regimens was associated with decreased in-hospital survival and an increased frequency of ventricular arrhythmias when used for treatment of COVID-19.\u201d[18]<\/a> Fatal arrhythmias were also cited in the original \u201cMedCram\u201d video that Rigano and Bye located in March. And it came up again last month in an FDA review.[19]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

So, not only is hydroxychloroquine ineffective against this second coming of SARS, but it\u2019s also possibly dangerous for heart patients. The kind of heart patients who see a guy reading a Google doc just to the left of Tucker Carlson\u2019s head on the TV screen and then go to their physician to demand a pill.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Notes<\/span><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Muthiah Vaduganathan et al., \u201cPrescription Fill Patterns for Commonly Used Drugs During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States,\u201d JAMA<\/em>, May 28, 2020, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.9184.<\/span><\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> David J Sullivan, \u201cTheories on Malarial Pigment Formation and Quinoline Action,\u201d International Journal for Parasitology<\/em>, Malaria Progress, Problems and Plans in the Genomic Era., 32, no. 13 (December 4, 2002): 1645\u201353, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00193-5.<\/span><\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> U.S. National Library of Medicine, \u201cCOZAAR- Losartan Potassium Tablet, Film Coated,\u201d DailyMed, November 14, 2019, https:\/\/dailymed.nlm.nih.gov\/dailymed\/drugInfo.cfm?setid=5ac32c20-169d-475a-fc8a-934f758d6ab0.<\/span><\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> U.S. News Health, \u201cDr. James M. Todaro, Ophthalmologist in Dearborn, MI,\u201d US News Doctors, n\/a, https:\/\/health.usnews.com\/doctors\/james-todaro-913781.<\/span><\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> @JamesTodaroMD, \u201cTwo medications currently used\u2026,\u201d Twitter, 03\/11\/2020.<\/span><\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Bin Cao et al., \u201cA Trial of Lopinavir\u2013Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19,\u201d New England Journal of Medicine<\/em> 382, no. 19 (May 7, 2020): 1787\u201399, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282.<\/span><\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Coronavirus Epidemic Update 34: US Cases Surge, Chloroquine & Zinc Treatment Combo, Italy Lockdown<\/em>, MedCram – Medical Lectures Explained CLEARLY, 2020, https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=U7F1cnWup9M&feature=youtu.be&t=630.<\/span><\/p>\n

[8]<\/a>James M. Todaro, MD (Columbia MD, jtodaro2@gmail.com) and Gregory J. Rigano, Esq. (grigano1@jhu.edu<\/a>, \u201cAn Effective Treatment for Coronavirus (COVID-19,\u201d Google Doc, https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/e\/2PACX-1vTi-g18ftNZUMRAj2SwRPodtscFio7bJ7GdNgbJAGbdfF67WuRJB3ZsidgpidB2eocFHAVjIL-7deJ7\/pub<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> @JamesTodaroMD, \u201cThere is growing evidence\u2026,\u201d Twitter, 03\/13\/2020. https:\/\/twitter.com\/JamesTodaroMD\/status\/1238553266369318914<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Gary Spradley, \u201cBroker, Tom, Ph.D. – School of Medicine – Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics | UAB,\u201d n\/a, https:\/\/www.uab.edu\/medicine\/biochem\/faculty\/broker.<\/span><\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> NYBob, \u201cCancer Post # 2060,\u201d Investors Hub<\/em>, March 15, 2020, https:\/\/investorshub.advfn.com\/boards\/read_msg.aspx?message_id=154352923.<\/span><\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> @elonmusk, \u201cMaybe worth considering,\u201d Twitter, 03\/16\/2020, https:\/\/twitter.com\/elonmusk\/status\/1239776019856461824?s=20<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?feature=youtu.be&v=vE4_LsftNKM&app=desktop<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Fox News video, Tucker Carlson Discusses Chloroquine with Dr Greg Rigano<\/em> (Fox News, 2020), https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=tcHeVqoLVWI.<\/span><\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> Adam Rogers, \u201cChloroquine May Fight Covid-19\u2014and Silicon Valley\u2019s Into It,\u201d Wired<\/em>, March 19, 2020, https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/an-old-malaria-drug-may-fight-covid-19-and-silicon-valleys-into-it\/.<\/span><\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Nick Robins-Early, \u201cThe Strange Origins Of Trump\u2019s Hydroxychloroquine Obsession,\u201d HuffPost<\/em>, May 18, 2020, https:\/\/www.huffpost.com\/entry\/trump-hydroxychloroquine-coronavirus-fox-news_n_5ebaffdbc5b65b5fd63dac80.<\/span><\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Audrey Conklin, \u201cExisting Medication Sought in Coronavirus Treatment,\u201d FOXBusiness (March 20, 2020), https:\/\/www.foxbusiness.com\/lifestyle\/existing-medication-coronavirus-treatment.<\/span><\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Mandeep R. Mehra et al., \u201cHydroxychloroquine or Chloroquine with or without a Macrolide for Treatment of COVID-19: A Multinational Registry Analysis,\u201d The Lancet<\/em> (Preprint; May 22, 2020), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31180-6.<\/span><\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, \u201cFDA Cautions against Use of Hydroxychloroquine or Chloroquine for COVID-19 Outside of the Hospital Setting or a Clinical Trial Due to Risk of Heart Rhythm Problems,\u201d FDA<\/em>, April 24, 2020, https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-safety-and-availability\/fda-cautions-against-use-hydroxychloroquine-or-chloroquine-covid-19-outside-hospital-setting-or.<\/span>
[\/read_more]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tImages\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe Trump part of the plan for Rigano and Todaro.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(deleted Trump tweet)\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRigano identified with \"Stanford Univ. Med School\" on Tucker Carlson's show gives his pitch for hydroxychloroquine.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeekly prescriptions from February 16 to April 25, 2020, were compared with those from February 17 to April 27, 2019. Each date on the x-axis refers to the last day of the week. EUA\u2009indicates Emergency Use Authorization; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; and WHO, World Health Organization.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVaduganathan, Muthiah, Jeroen van Meijgaard, Mandeep R. Mehra, Jacob Joseph, Christopher J. O\u2019Donnell, and Haider J. Warraich. \u201cPrescription Fill Patterns for Commonly Used Drugs During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States.\u201d JAMA, May 28, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.9184.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tVideos\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

“FDA Looking Into Anti-Malaria Drug Chloroquine to Treat Coronavirus: Commissioner,” Bloomberg Quicktake, March 19, 2020. https:\/\/youtu.be\/Wi8-VAiyY48<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\u00a0ccoleman1316, “Tucker Carlson discusses Chloroquine with Dr Greg Rigano,” Tucker Carlson on Fox News, March 18, 2020, https:\/\/youtu.be\/tcHeVqoLVWI<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Dador, Denise. \u201cEven as Chloroquine Shows Potential for Treating COVID-19, Doctors Warn Caution Needed.\u201d ABC7 Los Angeles, April 7, 2020. https:\/\/abc7.com\/6082485\/<\/a>.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Roger Seheult, “Coronavirus Epidemic Update 34: US Cases Surge, Chloroquine & Zinc Treatment Combo, Italy Lockdown”, MedCram, March 10, 2020. https:\/\/youtu.be\/U7F1cnWup9M [This is the video Rigano watches.]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

“How coronavirus spreads outdoors vs. indoors,” Vox, May 28, 2020. https:\/\/youtu.be\/n6QwnzbRUyA<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

John Oliver, “Coronavirus V,” LastWeek Tonight, April 19, 2020. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=dRFbwjwQ4VE<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Steven Crowder, “The Government is Scarier than COVID!,” Louder with Crowder, May 27, 2020. https:\/\/youtu.be\/eqzFnmNeGmc<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tDocuments\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

*If the pdf thumbnails are not appearing, please reload the page.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t