Introducción: Esta página se trata de un pasaje del texto medieval, La Celestina. Escrito en 1499 por Fernando de Rojas en España, La Celestina es una obra famosa que se trata de un amorío entre un soltero, Calisto, y una chica protegida, Melibea. Calisto usa la señora, Celestina, para ‘obtener’ a Melibea para su amorío, pero la historia termina con las muertes de Calisto y Melibea. Los temas generales del texto incluye los asuntos de las clases sociales y el sexo. El pasaje analizado aquí, del “Aucto Quarto,” es un monólogo de la señora Celestina en su camino a la casa del padre de Melibea.
(de Rojas, 1499; “La Celestina. Summary,” 2009; Sampaolo, 2018)
El aucto quarto
Pg. [153] CELESTINA.- 1 Agora, que voy sola, quiero mirar bien lo que Sempronio ha temido deste mi camino.2 Porque aquellas cosas, que bien no son pensadas, avnque algunas vezes ayan buen fin, comúnmente crían desuariados efetos.3 Assí que [154] la mucha especulación nunca carece de buen fruto. Que, avnque yo he dissimulado con él, podría ser que, si me sintiessen en estos passos de parte de Melibea, que no pagasse con pena, que menor fuesse que la vida, o muy amenguada quedasse, quando matar no me quisiessen, manteándome o açotándome cruelmente.4 Pues amargas cient monedas serían estas. ¡Ay cuytada de mí! ¡En qué lazo me he metido!5 Que por me mostrar solícita e esforçada pongo mi persona al tablero! ¿Qué faré, cuytada, mezquina de mí, que ni el salir afuera es prouechoso ni la perseuerancia carece de peligro? 6 ¿Pues yré o tornarme he? 7 ¡O dubdosa a dura perplexidad! ¡No sé qual escoja por más sano! 8 ¡En el osar, manifiesto peligro; en la couardía, denostada, perdida! ¿A donde yrá el buey que no are? 9 Cada camino descubre sus dañosos e hondos arrancos. Si con el furto soy [155] tomada, nunca de muerta o encoroçada falto, a bien librar. 10 Si no voy, ¿qué dirá Sempronio? Que todas estas eran mis fuerças, saber e esfuerço, ardid e ofrecimiento, astucia e solicitud.11 E su amo Calisto ¿qué dirá?, ¿qué hará?, ¿qué pensará; sino que ay nueuo engaño en mis pisadas e que yo he descubierto la celada, por hauer más prouecho desta otra parte, como sofística preuaricadora? 12 O si no se le ofrece pensamiento tan odioso, dará bozes como loco.13 Dirame en mi cara denuestos rabiosos.14 Proporná mill inconuenientes, que mi deliberación presta le puso, diziendo: Tú, puta vieja, ¿por qué acrescentaste mis pasiones con tus promessas?
Resumen
Fonología: Las grabaciones adjuntados al texto revelan las diferencias fonológicas entre los sonidos del español medieval y el español moderno. Un cambio prevalente en el texto es la asibilación de la letra “c” antes de las vocales “-e” y “-i.” Antes, la letra “c” representaba al fonema [ts]; pero, la influencia de la “-e” y “-i” causaba la sonorización y fricatización que resultaba en las fonemas interdentales de [θ] o [s] para representar “c.” En este texto, “carece” (línea 3) y “ofrece” (línea 12) son ejemplos de este proceso fonológico. Otro cambios fonológicos prevalente en este texto son los cambios que pasaron para las sibilantes del latín vulgar al español medieval. Las letras “s” y “z” representaban al fonema [dz], pero se hizo fricativa y luego interdental por los cambio fonológicos de la lengua. En este texto, “lazo” (línea 4), “dañosos” (línea 9), “pisadas” (línea 11), y “puso” (línea 14) son ejemplos de este proceso fonológico. Otro proceso fonológico evidente en esta sección es un proceso de lenición, la simplificación de consonantes geminadas. La simplificación de los grupos de “-ss-” paso después del periodo medieval, porque durante este periodo se representaba al sibilante sorda [s]. En este texto, “dissimulado” (línea 3) y “promessas” (línea 14) son ejemplos de este proceso fonológico.
Morfosintaxis: Esta sección del texto muestra los cambios de morfosintaxis entre el español medieval y el español moderno, específicamente los cambios verbales del subjuntivo y la formación de los clíticos. Los restos de la forma sintética del subjuntivo en latín son evidentes en las partes del texto cuando el autor refiere a acciones que pueden ocurrir si otras circunstancias ocurren también (casos de subjuntivo). El español medieval mantiene la forma pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo, que transformaba para formar el imperfecto de subjuntivo que se usa hoy en día. Para ejemplos de esta cambio morfosintáctico, véase a las anotaciones para “sintiessen” (línea 3) y “quisiessen” (línea 3). Los pronombres personales eran otra aspecto de la morfosintaxis que experimentaba cambios entre el español medieval y el español moderno. Los pronombres personales tenían formas tónicas y átonas en el latín según su parte en la formación de verbos y acciones sintéticas. Pero, la transición al español moderno resultaba en la eliminación de estos acentos y en muchos casos, la unificación de pronombres con verbos para formar los clíticos. Véase a la anotación para “me mostrar” (línea 5) para un ejemplo de este proceso.
Léxico: La creación de este texto al final de la época medieval contribuía a la gran nivel de similitudes entre las palabras usadas en el texto y las palabras del español hoy en dia. Para el análisis presente, los cambios léxicos fueron lo más dificiles de encontrar. Los cambios léxicos evidentes en este texto se trataban de muchas de las matices de la idioma, como “cient” (linea 4) y “sofística” (línea 11). Con respecto al léxico, este ejemplo del español medieval se ve mucho como el español moderno.
Ortografía: Las variaciones entre el deletreo de muchas palabras en el texto y su formas correspondientes hoy en día muestran los cambios ortográficos que ocurrían entre el español medieval y el español moderno. Una variación común en la época era el uso de la letra “u” en lugar de la letra “v” que se usa hoy en día, como “desuariados” (línea 2), “prouechoso” (línea 5), “perseurancia” (línea 5), “nueuo” (línea 11). De manera similar, la letra “u” también tendía a representar el sonido bilabial que hoy se escribe con “b”, como “couardía” (línea 8) y “hauer” (línea 11). Otras variaciones en la ortografía del español medieval y el español moderno resultan de procesos de cambios consonánticos, como el epéntesis (“efetos” [línea 2]) y la síncopa (“dubdosa” [línea 7]). Hay mucha interacción entre los cambios fonológicos y los cambios ortográficos.
Referencias:
de Rojas, F. (1499). “El aucto quarto.” La Celestina, 153-156. Recuperado de http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/la-celestina–1/html/fedc933a-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_115.html#I_13_.
El Nuevo Tesoro Lexicográfico de la Lengua Española. http://ntlle.rae.es/ntlle/SrvltGUISalirNtlle
“La Celestina. Summary.” (2009). Recuperado de http://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-literature/la-celestina.
Nuñez Mendez, E. (2012). Fundamento teóricos y prácticos de historia de la lengua española. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Sampaolo, M. (2018). “La Celestina: Novel by Rojas.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. Recuperado de https://www.britannica.com/topic/La-Celestina.
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